RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with LPS and treated with NurExone BM‑MSC extracellular vesicles (EVs) or commercial BM‑MSC EVs at the indicated concentrations. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in culture supernatants were measured and are presented as percentage of cytokine level relative to LPS‑stimulated control (mean ± SEM).(A) NurExone BM‑MSC EVs robustly reduced IL‑6 levels by more than 86% at all concentrations tested, whereas commercial BM‑MSC EVs did not lead to a decrease in % IL‑6.(B) NurExone BM‑MSC EVs reduced TNFα levels in a dose‑dependent manner, reaching a reduction of over 62% at the highest concentration tested, while commercial EVs did not induce a significant reduction in TNFα.Statistical analysis was performed using one‑way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Statistical significance is indicated as: P < 0.01 (**), P < 0.0001 (****); ns, not significant.
RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with LPS and treated with NurExone BM‑MSC extracellular vesicles (EVs) or commercial BM‑MSC EVs at the indicated concentrations. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in culture supernatants were measured and are presented as percentage of cytokine level relative to LPS‑stimulated control (mean ± SEM).(A) NurExone BM‑MSC EVs robustly reduced IL‑6 levels by more than 86% at all concentrations tested, whereas commercial BM‑MSC EVs did not lead to a decrease in % IL‑6.(B) NurExone BM‑MSC EVs reduced TNFα levels in a dose‑dependent manner, reaching a reduction of over 62% at the highest concentration tested, while commercial EVs did not induce a significant reduction in TNFα.Statistical analysis was performed using one‑way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Statistical significance is indicated as: P < 0.01 (**), P < 0.0001 (****); ns, not significant.